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The UK and Iran have a complex relationship, marked by periods of tension and cooperation. In 2015, the UK was part of the P5+1 group that negotiated the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with Iran, aimed at curbing Tehran's nuclear program. However, the relationship soured in 2019 when the UK seized an Iranian oil tanker in Gibraltar, leading to retaliatory measures by Iran.

This paper examines the impact of Brexit on the cross-border region of Irun-Hendaye. By analyzing trade flow data and infrastructure capacity, we argue that Brexit has reintroduced friction at the Pyrenean crossing, necessitating significant investment in customs facilities and altering the logistics strategies of Northern Spanish exporters. brexit irun