| Soil type | Local method | GEOSS requirement | |-----------|--------------|--------------------| | Soft clay | Hand auger + SPT | CPTu + vane shear | | Sand + gravel | Trial pits + DCPT | SPT N-values every 1 m | | Weathered rock | Local driller’s log | Core recovery + RQD | | Filled ground | Historical fill map | Dynamic probing + plate load test |
Many local formulas (e.g., Meyerhof’s N60 for sands, or local clay Cu correlations) are regionally biased . | Soil type | Local method | GEOSS
| Region | Common local piles | GEOSS design check | |--------|--------------------|---------------------| | Southeast Asia | Driven precast RC (spun piles) | Hammer energy + driving stresses | | Middle East | Bored cast-in-situ (dry auger) | Base cleanliness + necking risk | | Europe | CFA (continuous flight auger) | Concrete pressure + soil mix | | India / Africa | Manual under-reamed piles (expanded base) | Bearing capacity + compaction | | Latin America | Franki piles (driven cast-in-situ) | Shoe seal + enlarged base | Meyerhof’s N60 for sands
