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The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), passed by the Indian Parliament in December 2019, is one of the most debated legislations in contemporary Indian politics. It amended the Citizenship Act of 1955 to grant Indian citizenship to persecuted religious minorities—Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians—from three neighboring Islamic nations: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh, provided they entered India on or before December 31, 2014. While the government defends the Act as a humanitarian gesture, critics argue it violates the secular principle enshrined in the Constitution by using religion as a criterion for citizenship. This essay critically examines the rationale, constitutional challenges, and socio-political ramifications of the CAA.
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