Transport Proteins Function Repack Link

They export CO2 and metabolic byproducts out of the cell so they don't reach toxic levels.

Transport proteins act as gatekeepers, ensuring that only specific molecules enter or leave the cell or its organelles. They prevent toxic accumulations, maintain pH, and control ion gradients (e.g., Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺) necessary for electrical excitability in neurons and muscle cells. transport proteins function

| Feature | Channel Proteins | Carrier Proteins | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | Form a hydrophilic pore through the membrane. | Bind to the solute, change shape, and release it on the other side. | | Speed | Very fast (up to 10⁸ ions/sec). | Slower (10²–10⁴ molecules/sec). | | Selectivity | Based on size and charge (e.g., aquaporins only for water; potassium channels exclude Na⁺). | Highly specific lock-and-key binding (e.g., GLUT1 only for glucose). | | Energy use | Always passive (facilitated diffusion). | Passive or active (see below). | They export CO2 and metabolic byproducts out of

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