Technically, this was achieved through a specific hardware chip (the ESC, or EtherCAT Slave Controller). This chip reads and writes data to the Ethernet frame as it streams past in nanoseconds. It eliminates the software latency that usually occurs when a processor has to "read" a message and decide what to do with it.
It is the nervous system inside printing presses, packaging machines, robotics, and even amusement park rides. It solved the latency problem not by making the computers faster, but by making the communication smarter. ethercat
Three address modes enable different use cases: Technically, this was achieved through a specific hardware